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歐洲增長乏力盼望中國投資拉動(dòng)

Europe Grows Sluggishly and Wants China Investment to Boost Its Economy

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核心提示:法蘭克?!谇袪栔Z貝利和福島,人們?cè)闷沾倪~斯特(Putzmeister)公司制造的設(shè)備來處理失控的核反應(yīng)堆,,但當(dāng)2008年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)來襲時(shí),,這家德國公司卻沒有什么方法來保護(hù)自己。
法蘭克福——在切爾諾貝利和福島,,人們?cè)闷沾倪~斯特(Putzmeister)公司制造的設(shè)備來處理失控的核反應(yīng)堆,,但當(dāng)2008年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)來襲時(shí),這家德國公司卻沒有什么方法來保護(hù)自己,。
普茨邁斯特的總部位于斯圖加特南部的埃爾西塔鎮(zhèn),,當(dāng)時(shí)公司營收驟降逾50%,不得不把其2500名德國員工裁減了大約一半,。然后它遇到一個(gè)救星,,來自一個(gè)意想不到的地方:中國。
總部設(shè)在湖南長沙的建筑設(shè)備制造商三一集團(tuán),,在2012年收購了普茨邁斯特,,這宗交易已經(jīng)成為了歐洲日益向中國投資者開放的象征。

 

被并購后,,這家公司似乎取得了成功,;中國總理李克強(qiáng)本月訪問柏林和漢堡時(shí),受到了熱烈歡迎,,這也是原因之一,。盡管還存在一些摩擦,德國和歐洲已經(jīng)在很大程度上克服了恐懼感,,之前他們?cè)鴵?dān)心中國投資者會(huì)盜竊技術(shù),,關(guān)閉成本高昂的歐洲的工廠,并把生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移到中國,。
“當(dāng)前世界經(jīng)濟(jì)處于困境之中,,但德國和中國之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作發(fā)展良好,這是局面穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)跡象,,”德國總理默克爾說,,她此前剛宣布中德簽訂了一系列新的條約和商業(yè)合同,其中包括空中客車(Airbus)獲得飛機(jī)訂單,10月10日她又表示,,大眾(Volkswagen)與中國一汽集團(tuán)的合資企業(yè)合同延長到2041年,。
歐洲人之所以變得更加歡迎中國人,原因之一在于,,他們需要獲得幫助,,來應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長乏力、人口老齡化,,以及不溫不火的商業(yè)投資,。除了資金之外,中國投資者還可以幫助歐洲企業(yè)更好地把握中國和亞洲其他市場(chǎng)的機(jī)會(huì),。
這在一定程度上是歐洲超過美國成為中國最大貿(mào)易伙伴的原因,,而歐洲人似乎希望更進(jìn)一步。“可以說,,歐洲正在歡迎中國的投資,,”研究過這一課題的英國利茲大學(xué)商學(xué)院(Leeds University Business School)教授杰里米·克萊格(Jeremy Clegg)說。
中國人受歡迎的另一個(gè)原因是,,至少到目前為止,,事實(shí)證明他們是比較低調(diào)、幾乎隱形的企管人士,。普茨邁斯特人力資源主管烏韋·米賽爾拜克(Uwe Misselbeck)表示,,在該公司位于埃爾西塔的主廠區(qū),只有一名中國管理人員和五名中國見習(xí)員工,。
上個(gè)月在李克強(qiáng)訪德之前,,米賽爾拜克在法蘭克福參加由審計(jì)公司畢馬威(KPMG)組織的活動(dòng)時(shí)說,“我們?nèi)栽谟玫恫娉燥垺?rdquo;此次會(huì)議是一個(gè)宣傳活動(dòng)的一部分,,目的是要反駁長期以來對(duì)中國老板的刻板印象,。
普茨邁斯特專門制造建筑工地的混凝土澆鑄設(shè)備,1986年在現(xiàn)位于烏克蘭的切爾諾貝利,,該設(shè)備曾被用于控制核輻射,,2011年在日本,它還被用來抽取大量水,,冷卻福島核電站出現(xiàn)故障的反應(yīng)堆,。
米賽爾拜克提到三一重工收購一事時(shí)說,“中國同事對(duì)我們很熱情,。”他將他們與那些“想要告訴你世界如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”的美國投資者作比較,,流露出對(duì)前者的贊賞。
迄今為止,,美國仍然是歐洲直接投資的最大來源,,2012年,,其投資金額在總投資額所占的比例超過了三分之一,而中國投資所占比例為2.6%,。2012年是能獲得完整信息的最新一年,。
但中國投資的增長速度比其他國家快得多。據(jù)官方統(tǒng)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲統(tǒng)計(jì)局(Eurostat)透露,,2010年至2012年,,中國在歐盟持有的股票的價(jià)值翻了三倍多,,增至268億歐元(按照當(dāng)前匯率計(jì)算約合2085億元人民幣),。
中國公司投資購買意大利熱內(nèi)亞、那不勒斯及雅典的港口,。他們收購了意大利鋼制品制造商,、德國戶外家具生產(chǎn)商,以及匈牙利化學(xué)品生產(chǎn)商,。10月11日,,德方在漢堡召開了主題為“中國遇見歐洲”的會(huì)議,歡迎李克強(qiáng)總理,。據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厣虝?huì)透露,,漢堡及周邊地區(qū)有500多家中國公司。
據(jù)畢馬威透露,,隨著中國政府簡化國內(nèi)公司在進(jìn)行海外投資前必須通過的審批過程,,來自中國的投資會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加。
中國投資商開展了很多備受矚目的交易,,而且愿意購買陷入困境的公司,,他們因此獲得關(guān)注。浙江吉利控股集團(tuán)于2010年從福特汽車(Ford Motor)手中收購了沃爾沃汽車公司(Volvo Cars),,這是最受關(guān)注的收購案之一,。
今年8月,沃爾沃在斯德哥爾摩推出了自歸中國公司所有以來的首款新車型,,中方非常低調(diào),,近乎隱形。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)沒有中方的管理人員,。沃爾沃的首席執(zhí)行官介紹了名為XC90DE運(yùn)動(dòng)型多用途車,,稱這款新車是瑞典美學(xué)與工程的結(jié)晶。
沃爾沃汽車公司首席執(zhí)行官哈坎·薩繆爾森(Hakan Samuelsson)暗示,,與福特相比,,公司歸吉利所有后擁有更多自由。
“他們給了我們一個(gè)新角色:一家獨(dú)立自主的公司,,”在與一小群記者的會(huì)議上,,薩繆爾森提到吉利時(shí)說,。“我們不是一個(gè)只能執(zhí)行某個(gè)核心機(jī)構(gòu)命令的部門。”
中國已經(jīng)成為沃爾沃汽車的最大市場(chǎng),,這也證明了中國的投資可以為歐洲公司打開新的市場(chǎng),。最豪華的XC90車型將在瑞典生產(chǎn),但沃爾沃的其他車型已經(jīng)在中國投產(chǎn),,公司正考慮向美國出口一些中國生產(chǎn)的車型,。
中歐貿(mào)易關(guān)系也存在緊張。歐洲投資者抱怨,,他們?cè)谥袊顿Y時(shí)受到的限制,,要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于中國在歐洲投資時(shí)受到的限制,還有在與政府擁有或補(bǔ)貼的中國企業(yè)競(jìng)爭時(shí)所處的劣勢(shì),。
歐洲官員曾指責(zé)中國對(duì)原材料出口設(shè)置的限制,,違反了世貿(mào)組織成員國需要遵守的規(guī)定。他們還指責(zé)中國傾銷太陽能板,,這種做法給德國的太陽能設(shè)備制造商造成了嚴(yán)重的麻煩,。
李克強(qiáng)10月10日訪問柏林時(shí),香港正在舉行親民主抗議活動(dòng),,默克爾謹(jǐn)慎地提到,,他們還討論了人權(quán)問題。
中國官員也曾對(duì)歐洲企業(yè)發(fā)出指責(zé),。今年9月,,湖北省的物價(jià)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)大眾(Volkswagen)旗下的奧迪(Audi)罰款4050萬美元,稱這家汽車生產(chǎn)商與10家經(jīng)銷商達(dá)成了壟斷協(xié)議,,以維持整車及備用配件的高售價(jià),。
中國和歐盟就一份新的綜合投資協(xié)議的談判一直進(jìn)展緩慢,這份協(xié)議或?qū)⒕徑庖恍┠Σ?,同時(shí)簡化交易程序,,為投資者提供更多保護(hù)。
從資金數(shù)額來看,,中國國有企業(yè)是歐洲最大的投資者群體,,而即使是三一重工這樣的私營企業(yè),也與政府有著密切的關(guān)系,。這引發(fā)了一種長期存在的懷疑,,即中國的投資是對(duì)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)施加影響的隱秘計(jì)劃的一部分。
但在當(dāng)?shù)?,中國管理者采取的無為而治的策略,,似乎緩解了這樣的擔(dān)憂。
利茲大學(xué)教授克萊格說,,中國所有者表現(xiàn)出來的克制,,反映出他們對(duì)跨國生意是相對(duì)陌生的,。
這就讓他們與美國的投資者區(qū)別開來。美國的投資者實(shí)施收購,,可能就是因?yàn)樗麄冇X得自己能夠改善一家公司的管理方法,。
“與美國模式不同,來到海外的中國企業(yè)沒有管理上的過人才干,,也沒有幾十年的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn),,”克萊格說。“他們還在說自己有許多東西需要學(xué)習(xí),。”(中國進(jìn)出口網(wǎng)

 

FRANKFURT — Equipment made by Putzmeister has been used to help smother out-of-control nuclear reactors in Chernobyl and Fukushima, but the German company had no technology to protect it when the global economic meltdown struck in 2008.

Putzmeister, based in the town of Aichtal, south of Stuttgart, suffered more than a 50 percent plunge in revenue and had to cut its German staff of about 2,500 by roughly half. Then, a rescuer came from an unlikely place: China.
In a deal that has become emblematic of Europe's increasing openness to Chinese investors, Sany Group, a maker of construction equipment based in Changsha in Hunan Province, bought Putzmeister in 2012.

歐洲增長乏力盼望中國投資拉動(dòng).jpg

The apparent success of the combined company since then is one reason why Premier Li Keqiang of China received a warm welcome when he visited Berlin and Hamburg this month. Despite some remaining friction, Germany and Europe in general have largely overcome fears that Chinese investors would steal technology, close costly European factories and ship the production to China.

"With the difficult situation in the world economy that we see at the moment, it's a sign of stability that economic cooperation between Germany and China is developing very well," Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany said on Oct. 10 after announcing a host of new treaties and business contracts between the two nations, including orders for Airbus planes and an extension of Volkswagen's joint venture in China with the FAW Group Corporation until 2041.
One reason that Europeans have become more welcoming of the Chinese is that they need the help. Economic growth is weak, the population is aging, and business investment is tepid. Besides money, Chinese investors help European companies get better access to China and other Asian markets.
Partly as a result, Europe has surpassed the United States as China's largest trading partner, and Europeans appear to be eager for more. "I think it's fair to say Europe is welcoming Chinese investment," said Jeremy Clegg, a professor at Leeds University Business School in Britain who has studied the subject.
Another reason the Chinese are welcome is that, at least so far, they have proved to be unobtrusive, almost invisible, managers. At Putzmeister's main plant in Aichtal, there is just one Chinese executive and five Chinese trainees, said Uwe Misselbeck, the company's head of human resources.
"We're still eating with knives and forks," Mr. Misselbeck said last month at an event in Frankfurt organized by consulting firm KPMG before Mr. Li's visit. The session was part of a campaign to counter lingering stereotypes about Chinese owners.
Putzmeister specializes in equipment to pump concrete at construction sites, which was used to contain nuclear radiation at Chernobyl in 1986, in what is now Ukraine, and to pump massive amounts of water to cool the malfunctioning reactor at Fukushima, Japan, in 2011.
"The Chinese colleagues treated us very cordially," Mr. Misselbeck said of the takeover by Sany. He compared them favorably with investors from the United States, "who want to tell you how the world works."
The United States remains by far the largest source of direct investment in Europe, accounting for more than one third of the total in 2012, the most recent year for which complete information is available. That compared to a 2.6 percent share for China.
But investment from China has grown at a much faster rate than that from any other country. The value of Chinese holdings in the European unio more than quadrupled from 2010 to 2012, to 26.8 billion euros, or $34 billion at current exchange rates, according to Eurostat, the official statistics agency.
Chinese companies have invested in ports in Genoa and Naples in Italy and in Athens. They have bought Italian makers of steel products, German manufacturers of patio furniture, and Hungarian chemical producers. Hamburg, which hosted Mr. Li on Oct. 11 at a "China Meets Europe" meeting, has more than 500 Chinese companies in the city and surrounding area, according to the local chamber of commerce.
And investment from China could get a further boost as the Chinese government streamlines the approval process that domestic companies must go through before they invest abroad, according to KPMG.
Chinese investors have also drawn attention with a number of high-profile deals and their willingness to buy troubled companies. One of the most attention-getting acquisitions was in 2010 when Zhejiang Geely Holding bought Volvo Cars from Ford Motor.
In August, when Volvo unveiled its first completely new model under Chinese ownership at an event in Stockholm, the Chinese presence was so discreet it was invisible. No Chinese executives appeared. Volvo executives presented the new car, a sport utility vehicle called the XC90, as the embodiment of Swedish aesthetics and engineering.
Hakan Samuelsson, the chief executive of Volvo Cars, implied that the company had more freedom under Geely's ownership than under Ford.
"They have given us a new role as a stand-alone company," Mr. Samuelsson said of Geely during a meeting with a small group of journalists. "We are not a sort of division executing commands from some center."
In an example of how Chinese ownership can open up new markets for European companies, China has become the largest market for Volvo Cars. The top-of-the-line XC90 will be built in Sweden, but other Volvo models are already being manufactured in China and the company is considering exporting some of the Chinese-made models to the United States.
The Chinese-European trade relationship is not without tensions. European investors complain that they face far more restrictions investing in China than vice versa, as well as a disadvantage competing against Chinese companies that are government owned or receive government subsidies.
European officials have accused China of imposing restrictions on the export of raw materials in violation of rules pertaining to members of the World Trade Organization. They have also accused China of selling solar panels at dumping prices, a practice that has created severe problems for German producers of solar equipment.
When Mr. Li visited Berlin on Oct. 10, against a background of pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong, Ms. Merkel was careful to mention that they had also discussed human rights issues.
Chinese officials have also made accusations against European companies. In September, price regulators in Hubei Province imposed a fine of $40.5 million on the Audi unit of Volkswagen, saying that the automaker had reached monopolistic agreements with 10 dealerships to maintain high prices for cars and replacement parts.
Progress has been slow on an effort to negotiate a new comprehensive investment agreement between the European unio and China that would ease some of these frictions, while simplifying transactions and providing more protections to investors.
State-owned Chinese companies are the largest investors in Europe in monetary terms, and even private companies like Sany have close ties to the government. That leads to persistent suspicion that Chinese investment is part of a stealth effort to exert influence in the European economy.
But at the local level the light touch applied by Chinese managers seems to have helped assuage such concerns.
Mr. Clegg, the University of Leeds professor, said the restraint displayed by Chinese owners reflected their own relative newness to international business.
That sets them apart from, say, American investors who may make acquisitions specifically because they think they can improve the way a company is managed.
"Unlike the American model, the firms from China are not going abroad with managerial talent, with decades of experience," Mr. Clegg said. "They would still say they have more to learn."
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