經(jīng)過5年多的談判后,,12個(gè)國(guó)家在10月5日早晨宣布成功簽署了《跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》(TPP),。TPP涵蓋了全球近40%的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量。對(duì)奧巴馬政府來說,,該協(xié)定是一個(gè)巨大的成就,,可能具有深遠(yuǎn)的地緣政治影響。TPP有望成為奧巴馬政府兩大外交政策成就之一(還有一個(gè)是伊朗核協(xié)議),,并可能成為他最大的政治遺產(chǎn)之一,。遺憾的是,簽署協(xié)議只是第一步——奧巴馬在推動(dòng)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過TPP時(shí)將面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn),。
主要益處
該協(xié)議將亞洲和拉美的12個(gè)國(guó)家聯(lián)系在一起,,致力于在許多成員國(guó)極為敏感的一些領(lǐng)域(比如汽車和農(nóng)業(yè))降低關(guān)稅,并解決其他眾多貿(mào)易事項(xiàng)(從野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)到制藥行業(yè)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)),。華盛頓的彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所(Peterson Institute for International Economics)表示,,到2025年,TPP每年可能給全球帶來2950億美元的益處,。
但經(jīng)濟(jì)效益只是該協(xié)定的積極方面之一,。盡管還不是板上釘釘,但它也有望帶來巨大的地緣政治影響,。TPP并非唯一可選的亞洲貿(mào)易協(xié)定,。例如,中國(guó)此前支持替代的“區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定”(RegionalComprehensive Economic Partnership),。但美國(guó),、澳大利亞、文萊,、加拿大,、智利、日本,、馬來西亞,、墨西哥、新西蘭,、秘魯,、新加坡和越南這12個(gè)TPP成員國(guó)在哪些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則(從提高透明度和反腐,到更為自由和開放的市場(chǎng))最有利于為本國(guó)人民帶來最大福祉的問題上,,發(fā)出了明確信號(hào),。
西方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位
TPP現(xiàn)在樹立了標(biāo)桿。如果獲得成功的話,,其他國(guó)家將有望加入,,最重要的將是印度,、中國(guó)和韓國(guó)。但這將需要時(shí)間,,TPP還必須首先證明自己,。為了加入TPP,那些準(zhǔn)成員國(guó)將不得不做出極為艱難的政治選擇,,它們和它們的人民將需要首先看到實(shí)實(shí)在在的重大好處,。但門已經(jīng)打開,只要TPP實(shí)現(xiàn)其部分潛力,,其他國(guó)家就會(huì)來敲門,。
盡管某些人發(fā)表種種言論,但TPP并不是要將中國(guó)排除在外,。有人希望有一天中國(guó)會(huì)加入,。但與此同時(shí),TPP可能有助于許多亞洲國(guó)家貿(mào)易多元化,,擺脫當(dāng)前依賴中國(guó)的局面(除了文萊以外,,中國(guó)是所有TPP亞洲成員國(guó)的第一大進(jìn)口來源,同時(shí)中國(guó)還躋身于這些國(guó)家的三大出口目的地之列),。
該協(xié)定也有助于一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人(尤其是日本首相安倍晉三(Shinzo Abe))在國(guó)內(nèi)采取一些必要的,、但在政治上棘手的舉措,。安倍的“三支箭”包括亟需的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)改革——TPP將會(huì)協(xié)助這種改革,,提供外部激勵(lì)和一些切實(shí)的好處,,使良藥不那么苦口。
最后,,該協(xié)定是一個(gè)小小的跡象,,表明(廣義的)西方經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位并未完全消失。盡管一段時(shí)間以來顯而易見的是,,二戰(zhàn)后設(shè)立的布雷頓森林體系不再合乎需要,,但各方并未采取什么行動(dòng)更新這一體系。在2008年經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之后成立的20國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)一度發(fā)揮了其應(yīng)有的作用,。12個(gè)國(guó)家能夠在TPP的框架下團(tuán)結(jié)起來或許表明,仍有可能制定新的支持長(zhǎng)期規(guī)范的規(guī)則和協(xié)定,。
勝負(fù)難料
這并不是說,,該協(xié)議的所有元素都是積極的。和往常一樣,,總有贏家和輸家,。在美國(guó),從煙草公司到制藥企業(yè)和工會(huì)等許多利益集團(tuán)已經(jīng)在表示反對(duì),。對(duì)許多人來說,,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或保護(hù)機(jī)制還不夠到位,。同時(shí),盡管通過貿(mào)易可能創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)崗位,,但一些人將會(huì)失業(yè),。
正是這些利益集團(tuán)將會(huì)加大推動(dòng)該協(xié)定在美國(guó)(和其他地方)獲得通過的難度。包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的許多立法機(jī)關(guān)將需要就此舉行投票,。國(guó)會(huì)將有90天的時(shí)間進(jìn)行考慮(包括公開協(xié)議文本后的60天時(shí)間),,這將讓國(guó)會(huì)辯論延伸至2016選舉年。
這是奧巴馬面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn),。共和黨通常會(huì)支持自由貿(mào)易,。但隨著選舉臨近,任何共和黨人都很難讓奧巴馬獲得如此重大的勝利,。人們會(huì)希望,,民主黨人將在如此重要的事情上支持他們的總統(tǒng)。但對(duì)民主黨來說,,這是非常敏感的問題,,該黨往往以未能為美國(guó)勞工提供足夠保護(hù)為由,反對(duì)貿(mào)易法案,。在希拉里克林頓(HillaryClinton)和其他人到美國(guó)中部爭(zhēng)取民主黨選票之際,,人們將會(huì)密切關(guān)注他們?nèi)绾位貞?yīng)該協(xié)定。(據(jù)后來的報(bào)道,,希拉里已經(jīng)表示反對(duì)TPP,。)
這種局面將勝負(fù)難料。TPP在任何時(shí)候都會(huì)引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議,,但現(xiàn)在愈顯敏感,。另一方面,批準(zhǔn)該協(xié)定對(duì)確保當(dāng)前有利于西方的規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)期存續(xù)非常關(guān)鍵,。同時(shí)有必要表明西方可以繼續(xù)有所作為,。推動(dòng)TPP獲得通過是至關(guān)重要的。(中國(guó)進(jìn)出口網(wǎng))
After more than five years of negotiations, Monday morning 12 countries announced thesuccessful conclusion of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement that coversnearly 40 per cent of the global economy. This deal is a significant success for the Obamaadministration, with potentially profound geostrategic implications. The TPP has thepotential to be one of the top two foreign policy successes of the Obama administration(along with the Iran nuclear deal) and could be one of his greatest legacies. Unfortunately, thesigning is merely the first step –the US president is going to have a huge challenge in gettingit through Congress.
Major benefits
Bringing together 12 countries in Asia and Latin America the deal focuses on tariff reductions insome extremely sensitive areas for many of the member states, such as automobiles andagriculture, as well as addressing a number of other trade issues ranging from wildlifeconservation to intellectual property issues in the pharmaceutical arena. According to thePeterson Institute in Washington, DC, by 2025 the TPP could result in annual benefits (opens innew window) of $295 billion globally.
But the economic benefits are only one upside of the deal. While it is by no means assured,there could also be a significant geostrategic impact. The TPP was not the only Asian tradeagreement of choice. China, for example, had been supporting an alternative RegionalComprehensive Economic Partnership. But the 12 TPP participants – the US, Australia, Brunei,Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam – sent aclear message regarding the kind of standards and rules they believe are best placed to providethe greatest benefit to their populations – from greater transparency and anticorruption tomore free and open markets.
Western leadership
The TPP now sets the bar. If successful, in time other states will hopefully join including, mostsignificantly, India, China and South Korea. But this will take time and the TPP has to proveitself first. Prospective member states will have to make extremely tough political choices inorder to join and they and their populations will need to see meaningful tangible benefits first.But the door has been left open and if the TPP turns out to realize some of its potential,others could come knocking on the door.
Despite the rhetoric from some, the deal is not about excluding China. There are some whohope, some day, to see it join. But, at the same time, it could facilitate a diversification bymany Asian states away from their current China-dependence (excepting Brunei, China is thenumber one importer for all the Asian TPP states and in the top three for their exports).
The deal also helps some leaders, most notably Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, to takesome necessary, but politically difficult, domestic steps. Abe’s ‘three arrows’ include much-needed economic structural reform – the TPP will assist with this, providing an externalimpetus and a spoonful of sugar to go along with the tough medicine.
Finally, the deal is a small sign that Western (broadly defined) economic leadership has notdisappeared entirely. While it has been clear for some time that the Bretton Woods institutionsset up following the Second World War are no longer fit for purpose, little has been done toupdate them. The G20, set up following the 2008 recession, served its purpose for a while. Theability of 12 nations to come together on TPP is perhaps a sign that new rules and agreementsin support of long-standing norms are still possible.
Close call
This is not to say that all elements of the deal are positive. As always there are winners andlosers. In the US, many interest groups from tobacco companies to pharmaceuticals to uniosare already pushing back. The standards or protections are, for many, not sufficient. And whilemore jobs might be created through trade, some people will lose theirs.
It is these groups that will make the passing of this deal in the United States (and elsewher)so tough. Many legislatures will need to vote on this, including in the US. Congress will have 90days to consider it (including 60 in which the text is public). This is going to move theCongressional debate well into 2016, an election year.
And this is wher President Obama has a major challenge on his hands. Typically, free trade issomething that the Republican Party can get behind. But, this close to an election, it will bevery tough for any Republican to give President Obama such a big win. One would hope that theDemocrats would support their president on something so important. But this is very sensitiveissue for Democrats, who tend to reject trade bills as not providing sufficient protection forAmerican labour. And as Hillary Clinton and others go out to court the Democratic vote in MiddleAmerica, they are going to be watched very closely for how they respond to this agreement.
This is going to be a very close call. It would be controversial at any time, but right now thesensitivities are heightened. On the other hand, approving this deal is vital to ensure thelongevity of the current rules and standards which favour the West. And it is necessary toshow that the West can continue to be effective. It is paramount that the TPP pass.